Brittany Poulson, MDA, RDN, CDCES, is a registered dietitian and certified diabetes care and education specialist.
Dr. Danielle Weiss is double board-certified in internal medicine and endocrinology. She is the founder of the Center for Hormonal Health and Well-Being in San Diego, California.
Diabetes is a chronic condition that results in impaired blood glucose (sugar) regulation in the body. This can often bring about high blood glucose levels. However, there is more than one type of diabetes. The most common are type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition in which your immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in your pancreas. As a result, your body is no longer able to make insulin.
Insulin is a hormone that helps decrease blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes often occurs in childhood or adolescence but can occur at any age.
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that develops slowly over time. With type 2 diabetes, your body doesn’t use insulin properly, often resulting in high blood sugar levels. Over time, people with type 2 diabetes can also develop deficiencies in insulin production and require insulin replacement.
Type 2 diabetes is most commonly diagnosed in adults. However, more and more children are developing type 2 diabetes.
Make sure to see a healthcare provider for a diagnosis so that you can receive the proper treatment.
Andriy Onufriyenko / Getty Images
The symptoms that occur with type 1 and type 2 diabetes are both due to high blood glucose levels and are very similar. However, a big difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes symptoms is how quickly they appear.
People with type 1 diabetes usually have a more sudden onset of symptoms. People with type 2 diabetes usually do not notice symptoms right away. Sometimes they do not notice any signs until blood glucose levels are very high.
Common symptoms of diabetes include:
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are a result of improper blood sugar regulation by the body. However, the causes are very different.
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune condition in which the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells inside the pancreas. As a result, the body is no longer able to make insulin. Insulin is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels when they get too high.
Researchers haven’t pinpointed an exact cause of type 1 diabetes. However, they have found that someone is more likely to develop type 1 diabetes if they have the following risk factors:
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic medical condition that occurs due to several factors, including certain lifestyle habits and genetics. These include:
In the United States, type 2 diabetes is more often diagnosed in these ethnicities: Black, Latinx, American Indian, Alaska Native, Pacific Islanders, or Asian.
Many people with type 2 diabetes often have insulin resistance (cells in the body don’t respond normally to insulin). Over time, if blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes stay high, insulin-producing cells in the pancreas can become damaged and lose their ability to make and provide insulin for the body.
The same tests and criteria are used to diagnose both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The healthcare provider uses their clinical judgment initially to make the classification.
Blood tests, such as autoantibody or genetic tests, can help to determine whether a person has type 1 versus type 2 diabetes if it is unclear or they don’t respond well to oral medications to reduce blood sugar. Also, there are other types of diabetes like maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) as two examples.
Type 1 diabetes, previously known as “juvenile onset” or “insulin dependent” diabetes, is most often diagnosed in children and teens, though adults can also be diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. About 5% to 10% of all diabetes cases are type 1 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is most often diagnosed in adults over 45, though more and more children, teens, and young adults are being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes can be diagnosed by using several different tests that check your blood glucose level:
Because of the different causes and treatments for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, it is critical to receive a proper diagnosis. While the aim for diabetes treatment (to stabilize blood glucose levels) may be similar, the treatments for type 1 versus type 2 diabetes can be very different.
Because their body can no longer make insulin, people with type 1 diabetes require exogenous (from outside the body) insulin to survive. Insulin can be administered via syringe or pen injection, insulin pump, or insulin inhaler. There are also other injectable medications available for people with type 1 diabetes.
People with type 1 diabetes must check their blood glucose levels regularly, usually numerous times a day. This can be done with a blood glucose monitor. However, many people with type 1 diabetes use a wearable continuous glucose monitor (CGM) that automatically and frequently checks their blood glucose levels throughout the day.
An artificial pancreas, or automated insulin-delivery system, is a newer treatment option available for people with type 1 diabetes. An artificial pancreas is a three-part wearable system that works together to mimic how a healthy pancreas controls blood glucose in the body.
As with anyone, a healthy diet and regular exercise are important for people with type 1 diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes often have to count carbohydrates in what they eat and drink to know the correct dosage for their insulin.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening condition in which your body doesn’t have enough insulin to move glucose out of the blood and into cells for energy. Instead, the body starts to break down fat in the liver for energy. This process produces ketones, which can build up to dangerously high levels in the body.
While people with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes can develop DKA, people with type 1 diabetes are especially at risk for it because their body does not make insulin. DKA is not the same thing as ketosis, which is the state often aimed for by people following a ketogenic diet.
Signs and symptoms of DKA include:
If someone with diabetes is experiencing DKA, it is critical to call emergency medical services or 911 for treatment and care.
People with type 2 diabetes often still produce some insulin in their body. Because of this, only some people with type 2 diabetes use insulin as part of their treatment plan. Oral medications (pills) or medication injections are commonly prescribed to people with type 2 diabetes. Currently, only people with type 2 diabetes can use pills to manage their diabetes.
Besides insulin, there are several different classes (types) of medications for type 2 diabetes, which work in different ways to help lower blood glucose levels. These include:
Aside from medication and blood glucose monitoring, lifestyle habits are a big part of self-management with type 2 diabetes, such as:
Weight-loss (bariatric) surgery is used by some people with obesity and type 2 diabetes to help them lose weight and improve blood glucose levels. There are different types of weight-loss surgery. However, all types make changes to your digestive tract.
How long the improved blood glucose levels last varies from person to person. The amount of weight lost, as well as how long a person has had diabetes and whether they used insulin, also play a factor in the improved blood glucose levels.
Some people with type 2 diabetes who have undergone weight-loss surgery have had their blood glucose levels return to normal and no longer need to use diabetes medications, putting their diabetes in “remission”. However, it’s still important to keep in mind there are risks associated with weight-loss surgery.
Research is currently underway to determine if weight-loss surgery is an option for people with obesity and type 1 diabetes to help manage their blood glucose levels.
Despite the differences in treatment between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, a commonality between the two is that a big part of a diabetes care plan is self-management by the individual. Along with self-monitoring of blood glucose levels, regular visits with your healthcare team are important.
Providers on your diabetes healthcare team may include:
Currently, there is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes. However, by maintaining healthy blood glucose levels you can prevent or delay diabetes-related complications.
With many risk factors for type 2 diabetes being modifiable, there are ways to help prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. These include:
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are chronic medical conditions in which people need to self-manage their blood glucose levels. However, type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition and type 2 diabetes is largely related to lifestyle habits, as well as family history.
Diagnostic tests used for type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the same. Type 1 diabetes is more commonly diagnosed in children and teens while type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed in adults—though anyone of any age can be diagnosed with either type of diabetes.
People with type 1 diabetes require insulin as part of their treatment plan, while people with type 2 diabetes might control their diabetes with diet, exercise, and/or medications. There is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes may be prevented or delayed with lifestyle modifications and/or medications.
Diabetes is a serious medical condition that requires lifelong management. Getting a proper diagnosis and treatment plan is essential to help you succeed with your diabetes management. Don’t be afraid to advocate for yourself if you have questions or concerns about your treatment plan.
Make sure you have a support system to help you, including family, friends, and your healthcare team. While life with diabetes might sometimes seem daunting, you can lead a healthy, normal life by monitoring your blood glucose levels and following healthy lifestyle habits.
The main difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that often shows up suddenly and early in life, whereas type 2 is largely lifestyle-related and develops slowly over time—most often in adults.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes have different treatments. People with type 1 diabetes require insulin as part of their treatment plan, while people with type 2 diabetes might control their diabetes with diet, physical activity, and/or medications.
The same tests and diagnostic criteria are used to diagnose both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, blood tests, such as autoantibody tests, can help to determine whether a person has type 1 versus type 2 diabetes. Genetic testing may also be performed to help determine the type of diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is more common in the United States, with 90 to 95% of all people with diabetes having type 2. Only 5 to 10% of diabetes cases are type 1. Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed in adults, while type 1 diabetes is more commonly diagnosed in children and teens—though anyone of any age can be diagnosed with either type of diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is not an autoimmune condition, unlike type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic medical condition that is often a result of insulin resistance (the body is not able to properly use insulin). People with type 2 diabetes can typically still make insulin in their body, whereas people with type 1 diabetes cannot.
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Brittany Poulson, MDA, RDN, CDCES, is a registered dietitian and certified diabetes care and education specialist.
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