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Scientific Reports volume 13, Article number: 559 (2023)
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability in people with diabetes mellitus (DM), since finding the correlation between DM and CVD risk factors can be effective in preventing the incidence of morbidity and mortality in patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in people with and without metabolic syndrome (MtS) in DM. This cross-sectional study was part of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study as part of the comprehensive Persian (Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IRAN) on 35–70-year old adults with and without MtS in DM. Indicators of CVD risk factors, including gender, age, blood pressure, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, fasting blood sugar, creatinine, blood urea, waist circumference, body mass index, family history, physical inactivity, and fruit and vegetable consumption, were collected in the Persian Cohort Questionnaire. The data was analyzed by SPSS software version 22. The prevalence of MtS in 1933 participants was estimated to be 80% (95% confidence interval 78.1–81.8%). In the logistic regression model, smoking, alcohol consumption, and triglycerides were identified as the factors associated with MtS. Our results show that, based on our study, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in DM was high. The suggested solutions in this field are to reduce smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as to control hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and being overweight.
According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), diabetes mellitus (DM) affects 8.8% of the world’s population and is expected to rise to 642 million by 20401 The prevalence of DM is constantly increasing over time1,2 In Iran, the prevalence of DM in adults aged 25 to 70 years is reported to be 11.9%. It is estimated that by 2030, about 9.2 million Iranians are likely to have DM2 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death and disability in people with DM1,2 DM directly and indirectly increases the risk of CAD. The increased risk factor for CAD associated with DM is not well described1,2 The risk of CVD is constantly increasing by increasing fasting plasma glucose levels, even before they reach a sufficient level to diagnose DM3 DM reduces life expectancy by up to 10 10 years, and more than 50% of patients die of a cardiovascular event4 People with DM are more likely to be affected by CVD than non-diabetic people2,5
Diabetic patients had a 10% higher risk of CVD, a 53% higher risk of MI, a 58% higher risk of stroke, and a 12% higher risk of heart failure than the non-diabetic population. Thus, DM is a major risk factor for CVD and its consequences6 The literature review shows that in New York, patients with DM are almost three times more likely to develop heart disease than their non-diabetic counterparts7 This ratio has been studied in some areas in India. For example, in a study in Yazd, the risk of CVD in DM patients was about 2–4 times8 that of the general population, while in another study in Ahvaz it was 2–8 times that of the general population9.
The risk of CVD in DM follows a slope, and the severity of this slope depends on a combination of multiple risk factors10 Most of these additional risks of CVD in DM are associated with an increased prevalence of known risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity11 Over the last decade, studies have shown that treating known risk factors for patients with DM is extremely important in reducing the risks of CVD12 Poor control of most cardiovascular risk factors has been observed in the diabetic population. However, the additional risks of CVD in DM patients cannot be attributed solely to the higher prevalence of known risk factors13 Therefore, other risk factors may be important in people with DM14 A set of interrelated risk factors characterizes the metabolic syndrome (MtS), including hypertension, hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, and dyslipidemia15 The disease is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, DM, and deaths16.
NCEP-ATPIII (National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III) Criteria, IDF, and WHO (World Health Organization) definitions reported that the prevalence of MtS in DM was 45.8%, 57.7%, and 28%, respectively, in India17 According to a study conducted in Nepal, the total age-adjusted prevalence rates of MtS according to Harmonized, NCEP ATP III, WHO, and IDF definitions were 80.3%, 73.9%, 69.9%, and 66.8%, respectively. The lowest overall agreement was observed between WHO and IDF definitions, and the highest overall agreement was between Harmonized and NCEP ATP III definitions18.
The extent of these risk factors has been widely examined in studies, since finding the correlation between DM risk factors and CVD can be effective in preventing the incidence of morbidity and mortality in patients19 Endocrinologists and cardiologists suggest that more efforts should be made to improve risk factors for heart disease in diabetic patients due to their higher risk of heart attack and the higher mortality20 As a result, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in people with and without MtS in DM in the Rafsanjan adult cohort study.
This cross-sectional study was performed based on Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS)21 as part of the comprehensive Persian (Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in Iran)22 The cohort study included 9,990 subjects aged 35–70 years who were enrolled in the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS), (21), which included both urban and suburban Rafsanjan areas in southern Iran. The following were the cohort study’s inclusion criteria: 1- Iranian citizenship 2- having an age range of 35–70 years, and 3- living at least 9 months a year in the studied area in Rafsanjan city. The exclusion criteria included a lack of understanding of the Iranian language and the existence of severe physical and mental disorders. Persian Cohort standard questionnaires consisting of 482 questions in 3 major sections of general, medical, and nutrition were asked of the participants by a trained interviewer. The validity and reliability of all questionnaires were confirmed. The face-to-face interview was conducted by trained interviewers and the participants’ answers were collected electronically and confidentially after obtaining their consent21.
In this study, all the DM patients in the cohort population were included based on their past medical history, self-expression and confirmatory tests. The DM cases were considered valid if they were diagnosed by a healthcare provider. Each individual’s MtS status was determined, and they were divided into two groups: those who had MtS and those who did not. The diagnostic criteria for this syndrome were designed so that the patient met at least three of the five MtS criteria described by the American Heart Association23 at the same time, including: (a) central obesity defined as a waist circumference of 88 cm (35 inches) or greater in women and 102 cm (40 inches) in men; (b) fasting serum triglyceride level equal to or greater than 150 mg/dL or on hypertriglyceridemia drug therapy (e.g., fibrates, nicotinic acid); (c) High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) level less than 50 mg/dL in women and less than 40 mg/dL in men, or on drug therapy for low HDL level (fibrates, nicotinic acid); (d) elevated diastolic blood pressure equal to or greater than 85, or elevated systolic blood pressure equal to or greater than 130, or on hypertension medication; (e) a fasting glucose level of 100 mg/dL or higher, or being treated with medication for hyperglycemia or diabetes.
Individuals’ demographic and clinical characteristics, such as gender, age, education level, residence, race, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, cholesterol (LDL, HDL), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), waist circumference, body mass index (BMI = weight (kg)/height2 (m)), height and weight, family history of cardiovascular disease, physical inactivity, and insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables were extracted from the cohort center database.
The ratio of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) in this study was less than 2, 2 to 3.8, and greater than 3.8, indicating favorable, moderate, and high risk of insulin resistance, respectively24 In terms of physical activity, the participants were divided into three groups based on the scoring of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) recommendations for scoring protocol. The groups were low active (< 600 MET–minutes/week), moderate active (≥ 600 MET–minutes/week), and highly active (≥ 3000 MET–minutes/week)25 based on the MET-min/wk of walking, moderate-intensity physical activities, and vigorous-intensity physical activities. In terms of fruit and vegetable consumption, the subjects were divided into two groups according to the WHO recommendation, including high consumption (more than 400 g of fruits and vegetables per day) and low consumption (less than 400 g of fruits and vegetables per day)26 BMIs between 20 and 24.9 are considered normal; BMIs between 25 and 29.9 are considered overweight; BMIs between 30 and 34.9 are considered obese I; BMIs between 35 and 39.9 are considered obese II; and BMIs ≥ 40 are considered morbid obesity27.
All the data were entered in SPSS software version 22 and for descriptive analysis of data, mean and standard deviation or frequency and percentage were used. In order to investigate the relationships due to abnormality, the Mann–Whitney U test and Chi-square test (for classification variables) were used. A multiple logistic regression model was used to determine the factors associated with MtS. The significance level (P value) was considered less than 0.05.
Prior to the project, the participants signed an informed consent form, and the project protocol was approved by Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences’ local ethical committee (IR.RUMS.REC.1399.050).
All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
Out of 1933 patients with DM in this study, 1213 (62.8%) were female and 720 (37.2%) were male. The participants’ average age was 55.92 ± 8.17 years. The prevalence of MtS in this study was estimated to be 80%, with a 95% confidence interval of 78.1–81.8%, meaning that 1546 patients had at least three of the five diagnostic factors of MtS. The prevalence of MtS was significantly higher in women (66.9%) compared to men (33.1%) (Pvalue < 0.001). Moreover, the mean age of the subjects in the MtS group was significantly higher than the group without MtS (56.31 ± 7.98 years compared to 54.37 ± 8.74 years, P value < 0.001). The frequency distribution comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients in the two groups with and without MtS is given in Table 1 and Fig. 1.
Prevalence (95% confidence interval) of risk factors in the two groups with and without MtS in DM subjects.
As can be seen, education level, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, history of hypertension, history of ischemic heart disease, family history of stroke, and consumption of fruits and vegetables were significantly different between the two groups (P value < 0.05). All the participants were physically low active and most of the subjects (84.7%) were in the group of low consumption of fruits and vegetables.
The prevalence of risk factors in the group without MtS included 33.9% abdominal obesity (95% confidence interval: 29.18–38.62), 19.7% obesity (95% confidence interval: 17.72–21.68), 27.1% hypertriglyceridemia (95% confidence interval: 22.67–31.53), 15.8% hypertension (95% confidence interval: 12.17–19.43), 15.8% smoking (95% confidence interval: 12.17– 19.43), 12.7% history of ischemic heart disease (95% confidence interval: 9.39–16.01), 5.9% alcohol consumption (95% confidence interval: 3.55–8.25), and low HDL 1.3% (95% confidence interval: 0.18–2.42), respectively. The prevalence of risk factors in the MtS group was reported as 80.5% hypertriglyceridemia (95% confidence interval: 78.54–82.46), 75.9% abdominal obesity (95% confidence interval: 73.76–78.04), 64% hypertension (95% confidence interval: 61.66–66.39), 48%low HDL (95% confidence interval: 45.51–50.49), 43.8% obesity (95% confidence interval: 41.33–46.27), 22.3% smoking (95% confidence interval: 20.22–24.38), 19% history of ischemic heart disease (95% confidence interval: 18.80–19.20), and 9.4% alcohol consumption (95% confidence interval: 7.95–10.85), respectively. Figure 1 shows that the prevalence of the aforementioned factors was statistically significant in both groups (P value < 0.05).
Given that the studied subjects were all patients with DM, all of them had at least one of the 5 factors of MtS. Therefore, the frequency distribution of the number of MtS factors included 4.4% only one factor (n = 85), 15.6% two factors (n = 302), 37.1% three factors (i = 716), 31.1% four factors (n = 601), and 11.7% five factors (n = 226).
Given the abnormal distribution of anthropometric indices and biochemical and laboratory indices, the Mann–Whitney non-parametric test was used for comparing the two groups, which is shown in Table 2.
The median of BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, triglyceride, ALP, and TG to HDL ratio were significantly higher in the MtS group, and HDL was significantly lower than the group without MtS.
In order to investigate the relationship between demographic characteristics, disease history, anthropometric indices, and biochemical factors with MtS, univariate logistic regression was performed for all the studied variables. Then, significant variables at the level of 0.1 were entered into the multiple logistic regression model using the Backward LR method. In this study, smoking, alcohol consumption, TG to HDL ratio, abdominal obesity, and hypertension were identified as factors associated with MtS based on the results of the logistic regression model (Table 3).
As a result, smoking increased the risk of MtS by 5.60% (95% confidence interval: 3.67–8.55), alcohol consumption by 4.1% (95% confidence interval: 2.32–7.23), the TG to HDL ratio by 1.42% (95% confidence interval: 1.30–1.55), abdominal obesity by 13.73% (95% confidence interval: 9.77–19.29), and hypertension by 13.54% (95% confidence interval: 9.55–19.19). Given that hypertension and abdominal obesity are two of the five causes of MtS, it is associated with an increased risk of developing MtS.
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death and disability in diabetic patients28 Metabolic syndrome is defined by the coexistence of several classic cardiovascular risk factors, such as insulin resistance, hypertension, high triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol29 In this syndrome, some biomarkers differ, which can predict a future event. Chronic mild inflammation biomarkers (e.g. Creative protein, CRP), increased oxidant stress (e.g. oxidized low density lipoprotein, LDL), thrombophilia (e.g. plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, PAI1), and endothelial dysfunction (e.g. Eselectin) may all increase the risk of atherosclerosis and clinical cardiovascular events30,31 Therefore, MtS is a set of multiple risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease32 MtS is strongly associated with DM. In this type of diabetes, there is insulin resistance with secondary hyperinsulinemia, and it is often associated with high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and most importantly, obesity, especially central obesity. The etiology of MtS consists of separate components of the MtS (such as hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia) causing complex conditions33 The prevalence of MtS in this study was estimated to be 80%. Its prevalence according to IDF criteria in people with Type DM in the study by Moreira et al. was reported to be 74.3% *. It was also 69.5% in the study by AlSaraj et al.34 Different prevalence of MtS in populations may be due to nutritional, epidemiological, and demographic transitions35, as well as ethnic36 social, and environmental37 disparities in addition to methodological differences..
In this study, the prevalence of hypertension in the group without MtS was 15.8%, and in the MtS group it was 64%. Previous studies have shown the relationship between metabolic syndrome and high blood pressure33 The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is higher in hypertensive patients than in the general population, and there is an increasing prevalence of MtS in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients, with increased blood pressure being a marker for MtS38 This study also showed that in DM patients, the prevalence of hypertension is higher in MtS and recognizing this fact has led to a change in managing high blood pressure and other CVD risk factors.
In the current study, smoking, alcohol consumption, and TG to HDL ratio were also identified as factors associated with MtS in patients with DM. These results were confirmed by Lindsay et al. and Mottillo et al.39,40 According to Slagter et al., alcohol and cigarette use increase the risk of MtS and some of its components in a dose-dependent manner41 It has been found that high levels of LDL, high blood pressure, and smoking are the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease in DM. Low HDL cholesterol, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and inflammation are also predictors of cardiovascular complications42 Sadabadi F et al. reported that elevated fasting glucose levels are strongly associated with cardiovascular events in this population43 The differences in this study could also be attributed to the previously mentioned socio-demographic or lifestyle factors.
Previous research has found that obesity, particularly central obesity, is the primary underlying cause of MtS, resulting in a genetic predisposition to other risk factors like dyslipidemia and hypertension44. In the present study, the prevalence of abdominal obesity in diabetic patients without MtS was 33.9%, which reached 75.9% in DM patients with MtS. In the study by Cheng et al., abdominal obesity was reported in 91.6% of people with DM45 which is higher than the results of the present study. Central obesity is a major risk factor for MtS and DM46 and also increases the risk of dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease47.
The most important limitations of this study were the lack of access to complete information in the files and the defects in the files, which were controlled as much as possible by removing incomplete files and replacing other patients, to the extent that the sample size and analysis of the study were not affected. The investigation of the Rafsanjan cohort population was one of our study’s strong points, as the results can be generalized to the entire Rafsanjan population.
The high prevalence of MtS in patients with DM in the Rafsanjan adult cohort study indicates the importance of this issue. Therefore, high-risk patients can be identified using MtS screening in primary health centers, and they can benefit from timely multifactorial interventions. Some suggested solutions include reducing smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as controlling hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity.
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Gh B. or Z.K.
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The authors would like to thank the Clinical Research Development Unit at Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Clinical Research Development Unit, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Gholamreza Bazmandegan & Hasan Alinejad
Department of Family Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Gholamreza Bazmandegan & Zahra Kamiab
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Mitra Abbasifard, Ali Esmaeili Nadimi & Zahra Kamiab
Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Mitra Abbasifard & Ali Esmaeili Nadimi
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Z.K. and Gh.B. initiated the study and were responsible for elaborating the concept of it and critically revising the manuscript. Z.K. and M.A. contributed to the extraction, analysis, and interpretation of the data. Z.K., Gh.B., H.A., and A.E.N. contributed to the quality assessment of data, data analysis, and interpretation, and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Zahra Kamiab.
The authors declare no competing interests.
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Bazmandegan, G., Abbasifard, M., Nadimi, A.E. et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients with and without metabolic syndrome: a study based on the Rafsanjan cohort study. Sci Rep 13, 559 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-27208-5
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Received: 09 April 2022
Accepted: 28 December 2022
Published: 11 January 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-27208-5
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